Contents for …
The Supreme Court and Constitutional Law
Rulings on American Government and Society, Fourth Edition
by Jack Fruchtman
978-1-930398-05-4 © 2025 $43.00 ($34.40 to bookstores)
| 1 The Constitution, American Democracy, and the Supreme Court 1 |
| The Development of the Constitution 2 |
| The Place of the Judiciary 4 |
| Box 1.1 Appealing a Case to the Supreme Court 5 |
| The Constitution, Constitutional Law, the Supreme Court 8 |
| Box 1.2 Judicial Philosophies 13 |
| Opinions of the Court 17 |
| Box 1.3 Locating Judicial Opinions 18 |
| The Court and the Issues of the Day 19 |
| Judicial Review, Judicial Restraint, Judicial Activism: Cases 21 |
| 1.1 Marbury v. Madison (1803) 24 |
| 1.2 Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) 29 |
| Rulings in Context: the Constitution, American Democracy, and the Supreme Court 33 |
| Box 1.4 Recent Developments: Public Opinion, the “Emergency Docket” 34 |
| Voting Rights: Cases 36 |
| 1.3 Baker v. Carr (1962) 38 |
| 1.4 Shaw v. Reno (1993) 42 |
| 1.5 Shelby County v. Holder (2013) |
| Rulings in Context: Voting Rights 46 |
| 2 Organizing Government and Sharing Powers 59 |
| The Science of Federalism 59 |
| Separation of Powers 63 |
| Federalism and the Commerce Clause: Foundation Cases 64 |
| 2.1 McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) 65 |
| 2.2 Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) 72 |
| Federalism and the Commerce Clause: New Deal and Civil Rights Cases 75 |
| 2.3 National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. (1937) 75 |
| 2.4 United States v. Darby Lumber Co. (1941) 80 |
| 2.5 Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States (1964) and Katzenbach v. McClung (1964) 85 |
| Federalism and the Commerce Clause: Contemporary Cases 89 |
| 2.6 United States v. Lopez (1995) 90 |
| 2.7 National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (2012) 96 |
| Rulings in Context: Federalism 105 |
| The Separation of Powers: Cases 108 |
| 2.8 Ex Parte Milligan (1866) 108 |
| 2.9 Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952) 112 |
| 2.10 Biden v. Nebraska (2023) 119 |
| 2.11 Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo (2024) |
| 2.12 Trump v. United States (2024) 131 |
| Rulings in Context: The Separation of Powers 142 |
| 3 The Religion Clauses 147 |
| Box 3.1 A Note on Incorporation 149 |
| The Free Exercise of Religion: Cases 150 |
| 3.1 Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) 150 |
| 3.2 Employment Division, Deptartment of Human Resources, Oregon. v. Smith (1990) 154 |
| 3.3 Fulton v. Philadelphia (2021) 161 |
| Rulings in Context: The Free Exercise of Religion 166 |
| The Establishment Clause: Cases 170 |
| 3.4 Everson v. Board of Education of Ewing Township (1947) 170 |
| 3.5 Engel v. Vitale (1962) 174 |
| 3.6 McCreary v. ACLU (2005) 177 |
| Rulings in Context: The Establishment Clause 185 |
| Religion as Speech: Cases 186 |
| 3.7 Kennedy v. Bremerton School District (2022) 186 |
| 3.8 303 Creative LLC v. Elenis (2023) 191 |
| Rulings in Context: Religious Liberty and Free Speech 196 |
| 4 Free Speech, A Free Press, Free Expression 199 |
| Free Expression: Cases 202 |
| 4.1 Schenck v. United States (1919) 202 |
| 4.2 Gitlow v. New York (1925) |
| 4.3 Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969) 204 |
| 4.4 Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) 211 |
| 4.5 Texas v. Johnson (1989) 213 |
| 4.6 Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) 220 |
| Free Press: Cases 224 |
| 4.7 New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) 225 |
| 4.8 New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) 228 |
| Rulings in Context: Free Speech, Expression, and the Press 230 |
| 5 Equal Protection of the Laws 233 |
| The Meaning and Intention of the Fourteenth Amendment 234 |
| Integration, Affirmative Action, and the Court 237 |
| Box 5.1 Three Judicial Tests for Deciding Equal Protection and Fundamental Rights Cases 241 |
| Protection and Fundamental Rights Cases 241 |
| Segregation and Desegregation: Cases 245 |
| 5.1 Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) 245 |
| 5.2 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954) 254 |
| Rulings in Context: Segregation and Desegregation 258 |
| Affirmative Action and Race: Cases 260 |
| 5.3 Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena (1995) |
| 5.4 Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President and Fellows of Harvard College and Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. University of North Carolina (2023) 268 |
| Rulings in Context: Affirmative Action and Race 276 |
| Sex Discrimination: Case 278 |
| 5.5 United States v. Virginia (1996) 279 |
| Rulings in Context: Non-Racial Classifications 283 |
| 6 Due Process of Law and Rights of the Accused 287 |
| Procedural Due Process 287 |
| Substantive Due Process 289 |
| Due Process: Cases 290 |
| 6.1 Lochner v. New York (1905) 291 |
| 6.2 Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) 296 |
| 6.3 Miranda v. Arizona (1968) 299 |
| 6.4 Kyllo v. United States (2001) 304 |
| Capital Punishment: Cases 309 |
| 6.5 Atkins v. Virginia (2002) 309 |
| 6.6 Roper v. Simmons (2005) 316 |
| 6.7 Glossip v. Gross (2015) 324 |
| The Right to Bear Arms: Cases 335 |
| 6.8 McDonald v. City of Chicago (2010) |
| 6.9 New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen (2022) 343 |
| 6.8 United States v. Rahimi (2024) 349 |
| Rulings in Context: The Right to Bear Arms 336 |
| 7 Privacy 357 |
| “Discovering” Privacy in the Constitution 358 |
| Abortion: Cases 361 |
| 7.1 Roe v. Wade (1973) 361 |
| 7.2 Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022) 369 |
| Rulings in Context: Abortion Rights 380 |
| Right to Die: Case 383 |
| 7.3 Gonzales v. Oregon (2006) 384 |
| Rulings in Context: Right to Die 388 |
| Gay and Lesbian Rights: Cases 388 |
| 7.4 Lawrence v. Texas (2003) 389 |
| 7.5 Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) 397 |
| Rulings in Context: Gay and Lesbian Rights 404 |
| Appendix: The United States Constitution A-1 |
| Table of Cases C-1 |
| Subject Index I-1 |